Gerenciador de Expressões

Nota: Esta funcionalidade está disponível apenas em versões do LimeSurvey 1.92 e posteriores.

Quick Start Tutorial

Visão geral

Ao personalizar suas pesquisas, você geralmente precisa especificar o seguinte:

1. Navegação/Ramificação - permitindo que as respostas de um participante mude a ordem em que as perguntas são feitas
2. Tailoring/Piping - como formular a pergunta (como referir-se a respostas anteriores ou elaborar frases com base em um número ou gênero de seus participantes) ou como gerar relatórios personalizados (como pontuações de avaliação ou insights personalizados).
3. Validação - garante que as respostas passem por determinados critérios, como valores mínimos e máximos, ou correspondam a um padrão de entrada

O Expression Manager (EM) fornece uma forma intuitiva de especificar a lógica para cada uma dessas características. Quase tudo o que se possa escrever como uma equação matemática padrão é uma expressão válida, mesmo se estiver trabalhando com funções. Atualmente, o EM fornece acesso a 80 funções, e pode ser facilmente alimentado para suportar mais funções. Também lhe permite modificar às suas variáveis usando nomes de variáveis amigaveis (em vez dos nomes SGQA).

Os tópicos a seguir mostram os principais casos onde o Expression Manager pode ser utilizado.

==Relevância (Controle de Navegação / Ramificação)

Some surveys use "Goto Logic", such that if you answer Question 1 with option C, then jump to Question 5. This approach is very limiting, since is hard to validate, and easily breaks when you have to re-order questions.  EM uses a Boolean relevance equation to specify all of the conditions under which a question might be valid.  If the question is relevant, then the question is shown, otherwise it is Not Applicable, and the value NULL is stored in the database.  This is similar to what can be done via the Conditions editor, but EM lets you easily specify much more complex and powerful criteria (and lets you use the variable name rather than SGQA naming).

This image shows one way to review the relevance logic for a survey.  It computes Body Mass Index.  The relevance equation is shown in square bracket right after the variable name (which is in green).  So, the relevance of weight, weight_units, height and height_units are all 1, meaning that those questions are always asked.  However, the relevance for BMI is {!is_empty(height) and !is_empty(weight)}, which means that BMI will only be computed if the subject enters a value for both height and weight (thereby avoiding the risk of a divide by zero error).  Also, the Report question is only shown if the subject answers all four main questions (height, height_units, weight, weight_units).

Relevance is shown and editable in the following places:

Viewing / Editing Question-Level Relevance

This equation computes the Body Mass Index (BMI).  It is only asked if the person first enters their height and weight.

This is the edit screen for the BMI question.

Note that you do not use the curly braces when you enter a Relevance Equation.

Viewing / Editing Group-Level Relevance

This is a sample census survey.  The first page asks how many people live with you and stores that in the "cohabs" variable.  This page is only shown if you have more than one cohabitant (so it is shown for the second person cohabitating with you), and also only shows if you specified how Person One is related to you (p1_rel).

As you can see, the group also has question-level relevance criteria, such that each question only appears once you have answered the question before it (e.g. {!is_empty(p1_sex)}).  EM combines the Group and Question-level relevance for you.  Questions in a group are only asked  if the group as a whole is relevant.  Then, only the subset of questions within the group that are relevant are asked.

Here is the screen for editing the group-level relevance for that question:

Note that you do not use the curly braces when you enter a Relevance Equation.

Tailoring/Piping

EM lets you easily do simple and complex conditional tailoring of your questions.  Sometimes you just need simple substitution, like saying, "You said you purchased [Product].  What did you like best about it?".  Sometimes you need conditional substitution like "[Mr./Mrs.] [LastName], would you be willing to complete our survey?".  In this case,  you want to use Mr. or Mrs. based upon the person's gender.  Other times you need even more complex substitution (such as based upon a mathematical computation).  EM supports each of these types of tailoring/piping.

Conditional Equations

The Body Mass Index example shows the ability to compute a person's BMI, even while letting them enter their height and weight in metric or non-metric units.

Here weight_kg is {if(weight_units == 'kg', weight, weight * .453592)}.  This if() function means that if the subject entered the weight using kilograms, use that value, otherwise multiply the entered value (which was in pounds) by .453592 to convert it to kilograms.  The height_m variable uses a similar approach to compute the person's height in meters, even if he entered his height in inches.

BMI computes the weight formula as {weight_kg / (height_m * height_m)}.

Lastly, the report conditionally tailors the message for the subject, telling him what he entered. ("You said you are 2 meters tall and weight 70 kg.")

Although not well shown in the above image, weight_status uses nested if() statements to categorize the person as underweight to severely obese.  You can see its equation in the Show Logic View

From the edit window for this question, you can see two things:

1. Tailoring must surround expressions with Curly Braces
2. Expressions can span multiple lines if, as in this case, you want to make it easier to read the nested conditional logic.

Tailored Questions, Answers, and Reports

Note: Dynamic tailoring may not work if answer options are made available in select boxes on the same question page. This results from the fact that tailoring inserts a <span> tag which is not valid inside select options.

This example shows the BMI report.

Here is the edit window for the same question.

As you can see, anything in curly braces is treated as an expression, so is syntax-highlighted (color coded) in the prior image.  If you had any typos (such as misspelled or undefined variable names or functions), EM would show an error, such as this, showing that height_unit is an undefined variable name (it is actually height_units), and rnd() is an undefined function (the proper function name is round()).  In both cases, the errors are surrounded by a red box to make it easier to spot and fix them.

You can also see that you can quickly create complex reports, such as a table of entered values or tailored advice.

Please remember that all tailoring must surround expressions with Curly Braces, so that LimeSurvey knows which parts of the question are free text and which should be parsed through Expression Manager.

Validation

EM controls how most of the advanced question options work.  These control aspects like min/max numbers of answers; min/max individual values; min/max sum values; and checking that entered values match specified string patterns.  You continue to enter those advanced question options as usual.  However, now any value in one of those fields is considered an expression, so you can have min/max criteria with complex conditional relationships to other questions.

In all of these cases, since the advanced question option is always considered an expression, you do not use curly braces when specifying it.

The Sample Surveys pages shows many working examples of using expressions for validations.

Introduction

LimeSurvey uses the new Expression Manager (EM) module which will let LimeSurvey support more complex branching, assessments, validation, and tailoring.  It will replace how LimeSurvey manages Replacements, Conditions, and Assessments on the back-end.  It will also speed up processing considerably since it eliminates most run-time database reads.  EM was developed by Dr. Thomas White (TMSWhite).

This wiki page is the definitive reference for Expression Manager syntax and functionality.

Key Definitions

1. Expression:  Anything surrounded by curly braces
   • As long as there is no white space immediately after the opening brace or before the closing curly brace
   • The contents of Expressions are evaluted by EM, so they can contain mathematical formulas, functions, and complex string and date processing.
2. Tailoring: Sometimes called "piping", this is the process of conditionally modifying text
   • You have access to all 'replacement fields', participant data, and response data.
   • You also have easier access to questions, answers, and their properties.
3. Relevance Equation:  A new question attribute controlling question visiblity
   • If there is a relevance equation, then the question is only shown if the relevance evaluates to true.
   • Internally, all array_filter and array_filter_exclude commands become subquestion-level relevance
4. Equation Question Type:  A new question type that saves calculations or reports to the database
   • It is like a Boilerplate question, but its contents are saved to the database even if you set "Always Hide this Question"
5. Question Code:  This is the preferred variable name for EM
   • This can be a descriptive name indicating the purpose of the question, making it easier to read complex logic
   • Valid question codes should NOT start with a number, so when using the question code to number your questions, simply use "q1", or "q1a" or "g1q2".
   • This is what currently becomes the variable name if you export data to SPSS or R, so if you do statistical analysis, you probably already made this unique.

Do I have to use EM?

The short answer is No (but also yes).

EM is fully backwards-compatible with existing surveys.  So, if you are happy to use Conditions and Assessments in the style that LimeSurvey used in versions <= 1.91+, you can continue to do so.

However, EM completely replaces how LimeSurvey internally deals with Conditions.  Although you can still use the Conditions Editor to create and manage conditions, LimeSurvey 1.92 will convert those to the equivalent Relevance Equations.  As part of the upgrade, LimeSurvey 1.92 will auto-convert all existing Conditions to Relevance Equations.

This should give you the best of both worlds - you can continue using LimeSurvey as you are used to, but will see the Relevance Equation equivalent so you can gradually migrate to Relevance Equations directly whenever you see fit.

Can I mix use of Conditions and Relevance?

Yes. You can use the Conditions editor for some questions and the Relevance editor for others.  Conditions are auto-converted to Relevance when you save the question.

Note, we assume that if you are using the Conditions editor, that you want those Conditions to over-write any manually entered Relevance equation.  So, if you have existing Conditions and want to manually edit the Relevance, please delete the Conditions for that question first.  Specifically, copy the generated relevance equation to a text editor, use the Conditions menu to delete all of the conditions for that question (which will also delete the relevance), then edit the question and paste the generated relevance equation from the text editor back into the relevance field for that question (and save the question).  If there is enough demand for deleting conditions without deleting the generated relevance equation, we could add a bulk conversion process.

How should I choose between Conditions and Relevance?

Here is a list of pros and cons of each style:

Style	Pros	Cons
Conditions	1. Nice GUI for creating simple conditions 2. GUI well documented and understood by support team	1. Only supports simple comparisons and does not AND/OR conditions well 2. Cascading conditions work erratically 3. Slow - database intensive, so can slow down long surveys 4. Some reported problems with re-loading conditions 5. GUI doesn't scale well when there are dozens, hundreds, or thousands of questions 6. May be slow to convert paper-based surveys since must use SGQA names 7. Often need a programmer to custom-code logic needed for complex branching
Relevance	1. Supports very complex logic, including 80+ functions and math/string operators 2. Perfect support for cascading logic 3. Fast - no extra database calls, so supports 1000+ question surveys 4. No problems with re-loading logic since does not require SGQA codes 5. Syntax-highlighting scales to 1000+ question surveys 6. Easy and fast to use for groups wanting to computerize existing paper-based suveys.   7. Easily supports semi-structured interviews and epidemiological surveys without needing a programmers	1. No GUI for simple conditions - use syntax-highlighting instead 2. New, so support teams have not mastered EM yet.

The bottom is that if you are happy with how LimeSurvey 1.91+ works, there is no reason to change what you do.

What are some other benefits of using EM?

Here are some of the other reasons you might want to use EM.

1. Calculations - you can create any calculation you can think of:
   • You have access to all common mathematical operators and functions
   • You have access to 70+ mathematical, date, and string processing functions
   • It is fairly easy for developers to add new functions if users need them
2. Storing Calculations to Database
   • You can now compute simple and complex calculations and/or scale scores AND have them stored in the database without needing JavaScript.
   • You use the Equation question type to accomplish this.
3. Assessments
   • You can now create assessments or scale scores from any question type, not just the subset that used to be supported
   • You can use Tailoring to show running or total assessment scores anywhere needed - even on the same page
   • You have more control over the reports generated based upon those assessment scores
   • You can store assessment scores in the database without needing JavaScript
   • You can hide assessment scores without needing JavaScript or CSS
4. Replacement Fields
   • Instead of using {INSERTANS:SGQA}, you can just use the Question Code - this makes it easier to read and validate.
   • This also avoids the common need to edit questions to change the SGQA code to make everything work.
5. Tailoring - you can conditionally display text based upon other values
   • Use the appropriate title for a subject, like (e.g. "Hello [Mr./Mrs.] Smith")
   • Output gramatically correct sentences based when singular/plural matter:  (e.g. "You have 1 child" vs. "You have 2 children")
   • Appropriately conjugate verbs and decline nouns based upon subject's gender and plurality.
6. New Variable Attributes - you can access the following to do your tailoring:
   • (no suffix) -  an alias for qcode.code
   • .code - the selected response code for the question if it is relevant (otherwise blank), or the text value if it is not a coded question
   • .NAOK - same as .code, but can be part of calculations or lists even if irrelevant
   • .value - the assessment value for the question if it is relevant (otherwise blank), or the text value if it is not a coded question -- available is assesments are enabled for the survey, otherwise always zero
   • .valueNAOK - same as .value, but can be part of calculations or lists even if irrelevant
   • .shown - the answer as displayed to the user (this is what {INSERTANS:xxx}  does)
   • .qid - the question ID
   • .gid - the group ID
   • .sgqa - the SGQA value for the question
   • .jsName - the correct javascript variable name for the question, regardless whether defined on this page or another
   • .qseq - the question sequence (starting from 0)
   • .gseq - the group sequence (starting from 0)
   • .mandatory - whether the question is mandatory (Y/N)
   • .question - the text of the question
   • .relevance - the relevance equation for the question
   • .grelevance - the relevance equation for the group
   • .relevanceStatus - whether or not the question is currently relevant (boolean (can be different in PHP and JS))
   • .type - the question type (the one character code)
7. Dynamic On-Page Changes
   • All Relevance, Calculation, and Tailoring works dynamically on a page - so changes in values instantly update the page
   • So, you have questions dynamically appear/disappear based upon whether they are relevant
   • Questions are also dynamically tailored based upon responses on the page, so you can see running totals, tailored sentences and customized reports.
8. New Data Entry Screen
   • In addition to using the current data-entry system, you can just use Survey-All-In-One.
   • This supports the on-page relevance and tailoring, so data entry clerks can quickly tab through and they will only have to enter the relevant responses
   • This can be critical if your data entry person needs to see the tailoring, which is also dynamic.
9. Eliminates the need for most custom JavaScript
   • EM easily supports complicated computations, scoring, tailoring and conditional logic.
   • Some things will still need JavaScript (like custom layouts and conditionally hiding question sub-elements), but your JavaScript can use the EM functions so that you can access questions by their Qcode instead of SGQA, and access any of the question properties listed above.

What are some other helpful new features enabled by EM?

Regardless of whether you continue to use the Conditions Editor or manually compose Relevance Equations, you get these additional benefits:

1. You can create more complex validation criteria
   • All of the advanced question attribute (like max_answers, min_num_value_n, max_num_value) can use Expressions.  So, you min/max criteria can be easily adjusted based upon prior responses, even if they are on the same page.
   • EM also handles all regular-expression-based validation, so you can robustly combine preg and equation-based question attributes.
2. Easy Re-ordering (or deleting) of Questions and Groups
   • Prior to version 1.92, you could not re-order questions or groups if LimeSurvey thought that such-re-ordering could break conditions in which they were used.  Similarly, you could not delete questions if any other questions depended upon them.
   • With EM's syntax highlighting, it is easy to see and validate whether you try to use questions before they are declared.  So, we now let you re-order or delete questions and groups whenever you like.  EM will update all of the syntax highlighting to show you potential errors.
   • The re-order questions view has been enhanced to help with such review.  It now shows the question's relevance equation and tailoring, so you can immediately see whether any variables become pink (meaning they are used before being declared).
3. The Question/Group Navigation Index is always available and accurate
   • Prior to version 1.92, these indexes were not available if there were complex conditions
   • With EM, we can guarantee that they are accurate.
   • Subjects can even jump back, to a prior question, change the answer, then jump forward (or submit)
     • When jumping forwards, EM will re-validate all of the intervening questions/groups.
     • If any questions become irrelevant, they will be NULLed in the database so that your data is internally consistent
     • If any questions become relevant or newly fail mandatory or validation rules, EM will stop on that page and force the user to answer those questions before jumping to their final destination.
4. Auto-conversion of Conditions to Relevance
   • When you upgrade your database, all existing surveys that have conditions will have relevance equations generated for them
   • Whenever you import a survey, relevance equations will be created as needed
   • Whenever you add, delete, or modify conditions, EM will generate the appropriate relevance equation.
5. Convenient Syntax Highlighting
   • When EM shows the relevance equation, it will show the Qcode, even if you entered an SGQA code, as we assume this will be easier to read.
   • All variables are color coded to show whether they were declared before or after the current question (or before or after the current group).  This lets you quickly detect and fix cases where you try to use variables for relevance (including array_filter), tailoring, or validation equations prior to declaring them.
   • In addition, if you hover your mouse over the color-coded variable, you will see the most important metadata about that question.   This includes the Group Sequence #, Question Sequence #, Qcode, Text of the question, and all available answer choices (if it is a question type with enumerated answer choices).
     • The list of answer choices uses this syntax:  'answers':{key:val, ... }.
     • key has the syntax 'scale~code' where scale is the answer scale (e.g. for dual scale), and code is the answer code.
     • val has the syntax 'value~shown' where value is the assessment value (if using assessments, otherwise code)(e.g. Qcode.value), and shown is the display value as seen by the subject (e.g. Qcode.shown)
     • This means that many surveys can use calculations without needing assessment mode.  If you have enumerated answer options  that are unique, non-decimal, and non-negative, you can simply do calculations on the Qcode.code values.
6. Easy review of entire survey logic and content
   • There is a new Show Survey Logic feature that lets you see everything about the survey (or group or question) on a single page.
   • It shows the Group, Question, Sub-Question, and Answer-level details for the selected scope (survey vs. group vs. question)
   • It also shows the relevance, subquestion-level relevance (for array_filter and array_filter_exclude), and generated validation equation (for preg and any validation rules like min/max sum/number of values), and all non-blank question attributes.
   • Everything is syntax-highlighted so that you can see potential syntax errors (like unbalanced parentheses or use of variables before they were declared)
   • The syntax-highligting supports rapid navigation and editing of the survey.
     • If you click on a variable name, it opens a browser window (or tab) that shows you that question and lets you edit it.
     • If you click on a group name, it opens a browser window (or tab) showing the group-reorder view so that you can easily move questions around.
     • All of the question attributes are also syntax highlighted.  This lets you set and see expressions within advanced question options (like basing the max/min number/sum of values on an expression)
   • The EM author used similar view (a little cleaner) to let his collaborating Epidemiologists and Institutional Review Board validate and authorize surveys with thousands of questions in highly branched and tailored structured interviews

Getting Started

The best way to get started with EM is to:

• Install the latest stable version from http://www.limesurvey.org/en/download
• Import and explore the sample surveys.
• Explore the use cases and HowTos and step-by-step examples.
• Explore the EM documentation (this page)
• Examine the built-in EM test suite
  • From any survey, under tools, select the EM option
  • Available Functions lists the 70+ functions and syntax
  • Unit Tests of Isolated Expressions
    • shows examples of using all EM functions and operators, and the PHP and JavaScript results
    • note there are few functions that generate different results in the PHP and JavaScript versions, so this page lets you plan your EM logic accordingly.

What Functionality does Expression Manager Extend/Replace? (LimeSurvey <= 1.91+)

Conditions => Relevance

Conditions controlled which  questions are visible.  The general syntax was SGQA operator Value, like 111X2X3 == "Y".  Conditions could be ANDed or ORed together, but mixing ANDs and ORs was difficult.  The conditions themselves were stored in a separate table, and large portion of LimeSurvey's code was devoted to managing Conditions.  Because of extensive database access, processing large numbers of conditions could cause noticable performance problems.  Furthermore, once you had conditions assigned to questions or groups, you were often not allowed to re-order or delete them.

Assessments => Equations and  Micro-Tailoring

Assessments let users create scale scores from a collection of questions.  However, they could not dynamically change on the current page, and their values were not stored to the database.

Replacements => Micro-Tailoring

Users could tailor some messages and questions based  upon prior responses.  For example, a question might be, {TOKEN:FIRSTNAME}, you said {INSERTANS:111X3X4} was your favorite sport.  However, it was not possible to do conditional tailoring (like say "Mr." or "Mrs." depending upon the person's gender), or conjugate verbs or decline nouns without fancy JavaScript.  Authors could implement surveys that seemed to tailor questions, but it required separate questions for each permutation, and complex conditions to decide which questions to display.

Validation

Question could be validated with Regular expressions, or minimum/maximum values, or let an SGQA response serve as the minimum or maximum value.  However, validations could not be based upon calculations of other variables without fancy JavaScript.

Equations

Equations were not supported without fancy JavaScript.

Equation Question Type

Equations could not be saved to the database (e.g. the final score for an assessment) without fancy JavaScript.

How Will Expression Manager Replace/Extend That Functionality?

The Expression Manager is a new core module within LimeSurvey that makes it much easier to support the type of complex functionality that used to require custom JavaScript.  It is also replacing the way LimeSurvey currently manages Conditions and Assessments.

New Terminology When Referring to Expression Manager (EM)

EM "thinks" of its functionality in the following terms:

• Relevance-based Branching - if a question is relevant, then ask it, otherwise don't (e.g. make it invisible, and mark it as NULL in the database).  There is a new Relevance field for all Question types, and also for each Group (so you can apply a set of conditions to an entire group without having to copy the same condition to each question, and/or combine group and question-level conditional logic).
• Tailoring - Once you know which questions should be asked, tailoring (sometimes called piping) specifies how the question should be asked. This lets you support not only simple subsitution (like {TOKEN:FIRSTNAME}), but also conjugation of verbs and declination of nouns based upon the gender or number of your subjects.  It also lets you change the message you deliver to a subject based upon whether they answered (or how they answered) other questions.
• Equations - EM adds a new question type called Equation which stores the result of an Expression.  These equations results are computed and written to the database, even if you hide them on the page.  Thus, they are useful for hidden scoring calculations, navigation based upon complex equations, assessments, and reports that should be generated and easily available within the database.

Relevance and Cascading Relevance

Every question type now has a Relevance option which controls whether the question is displayed.  EM processes each of the Relevance Equations in the order they should appear in the survey.  If the expression is true (or missing - to support legacy surveys), the question will be displayed. If it is not relevant, then the question will be hidden, and the value will be NULLed in the database.  If there are no relevant questions in a group, the entire group will be skipped.

Moreover, if any of the variables within an expression is irrelevant, then the expression always evaluates to false.  This enables Cascading Relevance so that you do not have to write very long Relevance equations for each question.

Say you have 5 questions Q1-Q5, and you only want to show Q2 if Q1 was answered, and Q3 if Q2 was answered, etc.  The relevance equations might be:

Question Code	Relevance	Question
Q1	1	What is your name?
Q2	Q1	{Q1}, how old are you?
Q3	Q2	So, you are {Q2} years old.  Are you married?
Q4	Q3 == "Y"	{Q1}, how long have you been married?
Q5	Q4	How many children do you have, {Q1}?

The relevance calculations also work in JavaScript - so you could put all the above questions on one page and it would still work as expected.  In fact, EM totally replaces how EM processes Survey vs. Group vs. Question-at-a-time survey formats.  They now all use the exactly same navigation engine so they work identically regardless of survey style.

As long as you are on the same page, any data you entered will still be there, just hidden.  So, if you enter some information, then choose an option that makes them irrelevant, then make them relevant again, your answers will still be available.  However, as soon as you move to a different page, all irrelevant responses will be lost to integrity of the dataset.

Group-Level Relevance

Expression Manager also supports group-level relevance.  This makes it easier to implement looping.   Say you want to collect information about up to 10 entities (such a products or people in a household), where you first determine how many entities need follow-up (such as by asking how many people live in a household, or having people check which products they like from a long list).  After knowning how many entities need follow-up, you can use Group-level relevance like {count >= 1}, {count >=2}, ... {count >= 10} for each of the 10 groups of follow-up questions.  Within each group, you can have question-level conditional logic (e.g. gender or age-specific follow-up questions for each subject).  The question and group-level relevance equations are ANDed together to determine which should be shown.

Tailoring / Piping

Anything within curly braces is now treated as an Expression (with one exception described below).  Expressions have acccess to all of the LimeReplacementFields, all of the variables (via several aliases), all typical equation operators (mathematical, logical, and comparison), and dozens of functions (that even work dynamically on the client-side).

Using these equations, you can do things such as:

1. Conditionally show tailored messages to the respondants based upon prior responses
2. Create Assessments and show Assessment results (or conditionally branch or show messages) based upon those results, all without using the Assessments module itself
3. Conjugate verbs and decline nouns within questions, answers, and reports.
4. Show summaries of responses before the "Show your answers" page at the end of the survey

Equations

There is a new question type called  Equation.  It is like a Boilerplate questions, except that it stores the value of what is displayed in the database.  So, if the Equation Question text contains an Assessment computation, that value would be stored in the database in a variable that can be displayed within public or private statistics.

This solves a common request for storing Assessment scores within the database

Syntax

Anything contained within curly braces is now considered an Expression (with one exception:  there must be no leading or trailing whitespace - this is needed to ensure the Expression Manager does not try to process embedded JavaScript).

Note, it is OK for expressions to span multiple lines, as long as there is no whitespace after the opening  curly brace or before the closing curly brace.  This is especially helpful for nested if() statements like this:

{if(is_empty(PFTotals),
 '',
 if(PFTotals >= -5 && PFTotals <= -4,
   'Very Soft',
   if(PFTotals >= -3 && PFTotals <= -2,
     'Soft',
     if(PFTotals == -1,
       'Somewhat Soft',
       if(PFTotals == 0,
         'Moderate',
         if(PFTotals == 1,
           'Somewhat Hard',
           if(PFTotals >= 2 && PFTotals <= 3,
             'Hard',
             if(PFTotals >= 4 && PFTotals <= 5,
               'Very Hard',
               ''
             )
           )
         )
       )
     )
   )
 )
)}

Expression Manager supports the following syntax:

• All standard mathematical operators (e.g. +,-,*,/,!)
• All standard comparison operators (e.g. <,<=,==,!=,>,>=, plus these equivalents:  lt,le,eq,ne,gt,ge)
• Parentheses (so you can group sub-expressions)
• Conditional operators (e.g. &&,| | and these equivalents: and,or)
• Single and double-quoted strings (which can each embed strings with the other quote type)
• Comma operator (so can have a list of expressions and just return the final result)
• Assignment operator (=)
• Pre-defined variables (to refer to questions, question attributes, and responses) - e.g. all of the SGQA codes
• Pre-defined functions (there are already 70+, and it is easy to add more)

Operators

EM syntax follows normal operator precedence:

Level	Operator(s)	Description
1	()	parentheses for grouping or calling functions
2	! - +	unary operators: not, negation, unary-plus
3	* /	times, divide
4	+ -	plus, minus
5	< <= > >= lt le gt ge	relative comparisons
6	== != eq ne	equality comparisons
7	and	logical AND
8	or	logical OR
9	=	assignment operator
10	,	comma operator

Warning with plus operator (+)

For consistency between JavaScript and PHP, the plus operator (+) does addition if both operands are numeric, but does concatenation if both parts are non-numeric strings.  However, we recommend using the join() function for concatenation and sum() function for addition, as that makes your intent more clear, and avoids unexpected results if you were expecting strings but got numbers instead (or vice versa).

Warning with mismatch between number and string and alphabetic comparison

When you want to compare value with relative or equality comparisons, pay attention to type mismatch. Value entered by user or answer code selected can be used as number if it's clearly a number. If you surround one of the values with "it will force the comparison as text (alphabetic compare). If you want to compare numerically, never surround the number with quotation marks, ".

For example Q0.NAOK > "50" is true if Q0.NAOK is a numeric question with 9 as value. This is because the operator > will assume it's alphabetical compare and not numerical.

To be sure to compare integer value, you can use intval(Q0.NAOK) > 50, just remember if Q0.NAOK is not a number (empty or a string), then intval(Q0.NAOK) == 0. To compare string value ("A" < "B") use strcmp directly : strcmp(Q0.NAOK,"B") or strcmp(Q0.NAOK,"A5").

Caution about using Assignment Operator (=)

Note, you should avoid using the assignment operators unless absolutely necessary, since they may cause unexpected side-effects.  For example, if you change the value of a previous response, the cascading relevance and validation logic between that question and the current question is not re-computed, so you could end up with internally inconsistent data (e.g. questions that stay answered but should have been NULLed, or questions that are skipped but should have been answered).  In general, if you want to assign a value to a variable, you should create an Equation question type, and use an expression to set its value.  However, there are some rare times that people really need this operator, so we made it available.

To help caution you about this operator, it is shown in red font within the syntax equations (so that you don't confuse it with "==")

Using Assignment Operator

The main reasons you may want to use assignment are:

• You need to set the default value for a question that does not accept defaults via equation (such as list radio, where the user interface lets you pick one of the answer options, but does not let you enter an equation).  However, be careful, as LimeSurvey will not be able to validate that your equation generates one of the allowable answers for that question.
• You need to forcibly change the response to a previous question based upon a later response
• You need complex quota : using one hidden single choice for quota and set it using assignment
• etc...

You can use all expression manager system for this purpose.

  Assignment is done only in PHP. This doesn't update any values on the same page, but only when the user navigates with next, previous, save ….

  If you don't use an equation question type for this purpose: the assignment is done only after the logic of the current page is done. The recommended method is to always use an equation question.

Some example:

• Set answer to a short text question in lowercase : {QCODE=strtolower(QCODE.NAOK)}
• Set a default answer to an array question type at start of a survey : {Q1_SQ1=((is_empty(Q1_SQ1.NAOK),"A99",Q1_SQ1.NAOK)}
• Set a default answer to an array texts question type at start of a survey : {Q1_SQY1_SQX1 = ((is_empty(Q1_SQY1_SQX1.NAOK),"Inserted answer", Q1_SQY1_SQX1.NAOK)}
• Set an answer with condition : {QCODE=if(YesNo="Y","A1","")}

XSS security

With XSS enable, some expression manager system can not be used :

• starting a HTML tag in expression but ending in another expression
• use a complex expression in URL.

Example and workaround

• {if( 1 ,"<strong>","")}information{if( 1 ,"</strong>","")} is broken with XSS security, here you can use {if(1,"<strong>information</strong>","information")}
• <a href="/script.php?value={if(QCODE == "Y","yes","no")}">next</a>, here you can use an equation question because using a complete question code is OK : <a href="/script.php?value={EQUATION.NAOK}">next</a>

Access to Variables

Expression Manager provides read-only access to whichever variables we might need.  For backwards compatibility, it provides access to the following:

• TOKEN:xxx - the value of a TOKEN (e.g. TOKEN:FIRSTNAME, TOKEN:ATTRIBUTE_5) (Only for NOT anonymous survey).
• INSERTANS:SGQA - the display value of an answer (e.g. "Yes"). For Expression Manager it's the same that using {QCODE.shown}.
• All {XXX} values used by templates.
• In question text, you can use {QID} replaced by the question id and {SGQ} replaced by the SGQA of the question

In addition, Expression Manager lets you refer to variables by the Question Code (the 'title' column in the questions table within the database).  This is also the variable label used when you export your data to SPSS, R, or SAS.  For example, if you have questions about name, age, and gender, you could call those variables name, age, and gender instead of 12345X13X22, 12345X13X23, and  12345X13X24.  This makes equations easier for everyone to read and validate the logic, plus makes it possible to shuffle questions around without having to keep track of group or question numbers.

Important: It is only safe to refer to variables that occur in preceding pages or questions.

Furthermore, Expression Manager lets you access many properties of the Question:

Syntax	Meaning	Example	Example Result
Qcode	an alias for Qcode.code	{implode(',',name,gender)}	'Tom','M'
Qcode.code	the selected response code for the question if it is relevant (otherwise blank), or the text value if it is not a coded question	{implode(',',name.code,gender.code)}	'Tom','M'
Qcode.NAOK	same as Qcode - see discussion of NAOK	{gender.NAOK}	'M'
Qcode.value	the assessment value for the question if it is relevant (otherwise blank), or the text value if it is not a coded question	{gender.value}	'1'
Qcode.valueNAOK	same as Qcode.value - see discussion about NAOK	{gender.valueNAOK}	'1'
Qcode.shown	the dispay value for the question	{implode(',',name.shown,gender.shown)}	'Tom','Male'
Qcode.question	the text of the question	{gender.question}	'What is your gender?'
Qcode.mandatory	whether the question is mandatory (Y/N)	{gender.mandatory}	'N'
Qcode.qid	the internal question number (not the sequential number)	{gender.qid}	337
Qcode.type	the question type	{gender.type}	'G'
Qcode.jsName	the correct javascript name for the question, regardless whether declared on or off this page	{gender.jsName}	'java1827X3X337'
Qcode.gid	the internal group number (not the sequential number)	{gender.gid}	3
Qcode.qseq	the sequential number of the question, starting from 0	{gender.qseq}	5
Qcode.gseq	the sequential number of the group, starting from 0	{gender.gseq}	1
Qcode.relevanceStatus	whether the question is currently relevant (0 or 1)	{gender.relevanceStatus}	1
Qcode.relevance	the question-level relevance equation	{gender.relevance}	'!is_empty(name)'
Qcode.grelevance	the  group-level relevance equation	{gender.grelevance}	'num_children >= 5'
Qcode.sgqa	the SGQA value for this question	{gender.sgqa}	'1827X3X337'

HTML editor issue

  This issue is fixed after 2.05 build 140803

If you use HTML editor, some characters are replaced by HTML entities.

• & by &amp;
• < by &lt;
• > by &gt;

If you use HTML editor you need to use :

• and for &
• lt for <
• le for <=
• gt for >
• ge for >=

Qcode Variable Naming

Here are the details of how to construct a Qcode (and access some properties) by question type.  In general, Qcodes are constructed as:

 QuestionCode . '_' . SubQuestionID . '_' . ScaleId

For comment and other, question code are QuestionCode_comment and QuestionCode_other

Type	Description	Code	SubQs	Answer Options	Scales	Answer Code	Answer Shown	Relevance
5	5 Point Choice Radio-Buttons	Q1		1-5		{Q1}	{Q1.shown}	{Q1==3}
B	Array (10 Point Choice) Radio-Buttons	Q2	L1-L6	1-10		{Q2_L2}	{Q2_L2.shown}	{Q2_L2==7}
A	Array (5 Point Choice) Radio-Buttons	Q3	1-5	1-5		{Q3_1}	{Q3_1.shown}	{Q3_1>=3}
1	Array (Flexible Labels) Dual Scale	Q4	sq1-sq5	0:a1-a3	1:b1-b3	{Q4_sq1_0}	{Q4_sq1_1.shown}	{Q4_sq1_1=='b2'}
H	Array (Flexible) - Column Format	Q5	1-5	s,m,t		{Q5_1}	{Q5_1.shown}	{Q5_1=='s'}
F	Array (Flexible) - Row Format	Q6	F1-F5	1-5		{Q6_F3}	{Q6_F3.shown}	{Q6_F3==4}
E	Array (Increase/Same/Decrease) Radio-Buttons	Q7	1-7	I,S,D		{Q7_4}	{Q7_4.shown}	{Q7_4=='D'}
:	Array (Multi Flexi) 1 To 10	Q8	ls1,todo,ls2	min,max,avg		{Q8_ls1_max}	{Q8_ls2_avg.shown}	{Q8_ls2_min==7}
;	Array (Multi Flexi) Text	Q9	hp,st,sw	1st,2nd,3rd		{Q9_hp_3rd}	{Q9_hp_3rd.shown}	{Q9_hp_3rd=='Peter'}
C	Array (Yes/Uncertain/No) Radio-Buttons	Q10	1-5	Y,N,U		{Q10_1}	{Q10_1.shown}	{Q10_3=='Y'}
X	Boilerplate Question	Q11					{Q11.shown}
D	Date	Q12				{Q12}	{Q12.shown}
*	Equation	Q13				{Q13}	{Q13.shown}	{Q13>5}
~124~	File Upload (records number of files uploaded)	Q14				{Q14}		{Q14>0}
G	Gender Drop-Down List	Q15		M,F		{Q15}	{Q15.shown}	{Q15=='M'}
U	Huge Free Text	Q16				{Q16}	{Q16.shown}	{strlen(Q16)>100}
I	Language Question	Q17				{Q17}	{Q17.shown}	{Q17=='en'}
!	List - Dropdown	Q18		1-5		{Q18}	{Q18.shown}	{Q18==3}
L	List Drop-Down/Radio-Button List	Q19		A-Z		{Q19}	{Q19.shown}	{Q19=='X'}
O	List With Comment Drop-Down/Radio-Button List + Textarea	Q20		A-F		{Q20},{Q20comment}	{Q20.shown}	{Q20=='B'}
T	Long Free Text	Q21				{Q21}	{Q21.shown}	{strstr(Q21,'hello')>0}
M	Multiple Choice Checkbox	Q22	A-F, other			{Q22_E}, {Q22_other}	{Q22_E.shown}, {Q22_other.shown}	{Q22_E=='Y'}
P	Multiple Choice With Comments Checkbox + Text	Q23	A-F			{Q23_D}, {Q23_Dcomment}	{Q23_D.shown}	{!is_empty(Q23)}
K	Multiple Numerical Question	Q24	self,mom,dad			{Q24_self}	{Q24_self.shown}	{Q24_self>30}
Q	Multiple Short Text	Q25	A-F			{Q25_B}	{Q25_B.shown}	{substr(Q25_B,1,1)=='Q'}
N	Numerical Question Type	Q26				{Q26}	{Q26.shown}	{Q26 > 30}
R	Ranking Style	Q27	1-4			{Q27_1}	{Q27_1.shown}	{Q27_1==3}
S	Short Free Text	Q28				{Q28}	{Q28.shown}	{Q28=='mine'}
Y	Yes/No Radio-Buttons	Q29				{Q29}	{Q29.shown}	{Q29=='Y'}

The reserved 'this', 'self', and 'that' variables

Quite often, you want to evalute all parts of a question, such as counting how many subquestions have been answered, or summing the scores.  Other times, you want to process just certain rows or columns of a question (such as getting the row or column sums and storing them in the database).  These reserved variables make that process relatively painless.

The 'this' variable is used exclusively within the "Whole question validation equation" and "Sub-question validation equation" advanced question options.  It expands to the variable names of each of the cells within those questions.  So, if you want to make sure that each entry is greater than three, you would set the "Sub-question validation equation" to (this > 3).

The 'self' and 'that' variable are more powerful, and serve as macros which are expanded prior to processing equations.  The syntax choices are:

• self
• self.suffix
• self.sub-selector
• self.sub-selector.suffix

suffix is any of the normal qcode suffixes (e.g. NAOK, value, shown)

sub-selector is one of:

• comments - only subquestions that are comments (e.g., from multiple choice with comment and list with comment)
• nocomments - only subquestions that are not comments
• sq_X - where X is a row or column identifier. Only subquestions matching pattern X are selected. Note that search is done on complete code identifier, then sq_X match and include subquestions nX, X, Xn (e.g. if you use sq_1, subquestions a1, 1a, 1, 11 or 001 was included). Put attention at dual scale question type where subquestions code are QCODE_SQCODE_1 and QCODE_SQCODE_1 and to ranking question type where subquestions code are QCODE_1,QCODE_2 ....
• nosq_X - where X is a row or column identifier. Only subquestions not matching pattern X are selected. Note that search is done on complete code identifier, then nosq_X match and does not include subquestions nX, X, Xn

Examples:

• Has any part of a question been answered?  {count(self.NAOK)>0}
• What is the assessment score for this question?  {sum(self.value)}

You can also use these to get row and column totals.  Say you have a array of numbers with rows A-E and columns 1-5.

• What is the grand total?  {sum(self.NAOK)}
• What is the total of row B?  {sum(self.sq_B.NAOK)}
• What is the total of column 3? {sum(self.sq_3.NAOK)}

The 'that' variable is like the 'self' variable, but lets you refer to other questions.  Its syntax is:

• that.qname
• that.qname.suffix
• that.qname.sub-selector
• that.qname.sub-selector.suffix

qname is the question name without any subquestion extensions.  So, say you create a question 'q1', that is its qname

Examples:

• Has any part of question q1 been answered?  {count(that.q1.NAOK)>0}
• What is the assessment score for q2?  {sum(that.q2.NAOK)}
• What is the grand total of q3? {sum(that.q3.NAOK)}
• What is the total of row C in q4?  {sum(that.q4.sq_C.NAOK)}
• What is the total of column 2 in q4? {sum(that.q4.sq_2.NAOK)}

The 'self' and 'that' variables can be used in any relevance,  validation, or tailoring.

The one caveat is that when you use the Show Logic File feature, it will show you the expanded value of 'self' and 'that'.  This lets you see the actual equation that will be generated so that you (and Expression Manager) can validate that the variables exist.  This may seem confusing since you may see quite lenghty equations.  However, if you edit the question, you will see the original equation using 'self' and/or 'that'

Also note that you should not use these variables if (a) you want to explicitly name each variable used in an equation, or (b) use variables that do not have subquestions (e.g. single response questions).  In those cases, prefixing a variable with 'that' is overkill, and you run the risk of getting unexpected results.

Usage of NAOK

NAOK --> "Not Applicable" (NA) is alright (OK)

Using NAOK, means that all or some of the variables are irrelevant (e.g. "Not Applicable" (NA) is alright (OK)).

When you put some variable from question in any equation : if this question (or subquestion) is hidden by condition : this disable all equation.

For example : count(Q1_SQ1,Q1_SQ2,Q1_SQ3,Q1_SQ4) give always an empty string if one subquestion of Q1 is filtered. To count the number of checked subquestion in such question can be count(Q1_SQ1.NAOK,Q1_SQ2.NAOK,Q1_SQ3.NAOK,Q1_SQ4.NAOK). If the sub question is hidden :Expression manager return an empty string.

Without NAOK : if one question or one subquestion is hidden : Expression Manager return always an empty string, same to return false.

The .shown always use the NAOK system (empty string if hidden) but if you need the code of the answer : it's always a good idea to add .NAOK after the question code. Except if you need it and know what you do.

Another example and information is provided at Overriding Cascading Conditions

Access to Functions

Expression Manager provides access to mathematical, string, and user-defined functions, as shown below.  It has PHP and JavaScript equivalents for these functions so that they work identically on server-side (PHP) and client-side (JavaScript).  It is easy to add new functions.

Implemented Functions

The following functions are currently available:

Function	Meaning	Syntax
abs	Absolute value	number abs(number)
acos	Arc cosine	number acos(number)
addslashes	Quote string with slashes	string addslashes(string)
asin	Arc sine	number asin(number)
atan	Arc tangent	number atan(number)
atan2	Arc tangent of two variables	number atan2(number, number)
ceil	Round fractions up	number ceil(number)
checkdate	Returns true(1) if it is a valid date in gregorian calendar	bool checkdate(month,day,year)
convert_value	Convert a numerical value using a inputTable and outputTable of numerical values	number convert_value(fValue, iStrict, sTranslateFromList, sTranslateToList)
cos	Cosine	number cos(number)
count	count the number of answered (non-blank) questions in the list	number count(arg1, arg12, ..., argN)
countif	Count the number of answered questions in the list equal to the first argument	number countif(matches, arg1, arg2, ... argN)
countifop	Count the number of answered questions in the list which pass the criteria (arg op value)	number countifop(op, value, arg1, arg2, ... argN)
date	Format a local date/time	string date(format [, timestamp=time()])
exp	Calculates the exponent of e	number exp(number)
fixnum	Display numbers with comma as radix separator, if needed	string fixnum(number)
floor	Round fractions down	number floor(number)
gmdate	Format a GMT date/time	string gmdate(format [, timestamp=time()])
html_entity_decode	Convert all HTML entities to their applicable characters (always uses ENT_QUOTES and UTF-8)	string html_entity_decode(string)
htmlentities	Convert all applicable characters to HTML entities (always uses ENT_QUOTES and UTF-8)	string htmlentities(string)
expr_mgr_htmlspecialchars	Convert special characters to HTML entities (always uses ENT_QUOTES and UTF-8)	string htmlspecialchars(string)
expr_mgr_htmlspecialchars_decode	Convert special HTML entities back to characters (always uses ENT_QUOTES and UTF-8)	string htmlspecialchars_decode(string)
idate	Format a local time/date as integer	string idate(string [, timestamp=time()])
if (Updated in 3.0.2 )	Excel-style if(test,result_if_true[,result_if_false = ""])	if(test,result_if_true[,result_if_false = ""])
implode	Join array elements with a string	string implode(glue,arg1,arg2,...,argN)
intval	Get the integer value of a variable	int intval(number [, base=10])
is_empty	Determine whether a variable is considered to be empty	bool is_empty(var)
is_float	Finds whether the type of a variable is float	bool is_float(var)
is_int	Find whether the type of a variable is integer	bool is_int(var)
is_nan	Finds whether a value is not a number	bool is_nan(var)
is_null	Finds whether a variable is NULL	bool is_null(var)
is_numeric	Finds whether a variable is a number or a numeric string	bool is_numeric(var)
is_string	Find whether the type of a variable is string	bool is_string(var)
join (New in 2.0 build 130129)	Join elements as a new string	join(arg1, arg2, ... argN)
list	Return comma-separated list of non-blank values	string list(arg1, arg2, ... argN)
listifop (New in 3.16.1 )	Return a 'glue'-separated list of the specified question property (retProp) from questions in the list which pass the criteria (cmpProp op value)	string listifop(cmpProp, op, value, retProp, glue, sgqa1, sgqa2, ... sgqaN)
log	The logarithm of number to base, if given, or the natural logarithm.	number log(number,base=e)
ltrim	Strip whitespace (or other characters) from the beginning of a string	string ltrim(string [, charlist])
max	Find highest value	number max(arg1, arg2, ... argN)
min	Find lowest value	number min(arg1, arg2, ... argN)
mktime	Get UNIX timestamp for a date (each of the 6 arguments are optional)	number mktime([hour [, minute [, second [, month [, day [, year ]]]]]])
modulo-function	The modulo function is not supported yet. You can use the floor() function instead	floor(x/y)==(x/y)
nl2br	Inserts HTML line breaks before all newlines in a string	string nl2br(string)
number_format	Format a number with grouped thousands	string number_format(number)
pi	Get value of pi	number pi()
pow	Exponential expression	number pow(base, exp)
quoted_printable_decode	Convert a quoted-printable string to an 8 bit string	string quoted_printable_decode(string)
quoted_printable_encode	Convert a 8 bit string to a quoted-printable string	string quoted_printable_encode(string)
quotemeta	Quote meta characters	string quotemeta(string)
rand	Generate a random integer, see this example	int rand() OR int rand(min, max)
regexMatch	compare a string to a regular expression	bool regexMatch(pattern,input)
round	Rounds a number to an optional precision	number round(val [, precision])
rtrim	Strip whitespace (or other characters) from the end of a string	string rtrim(string [, charlist])
sin	Sine	number sin(arg)
sprintf	Return a formatted string	string sprintf(format, arg1, arg2, ... argN)
sqrt	Square root	number sqrt(arg)
stddev	Calculate the Sample Standard Deviation for the list of numbers	number stddev(arg1, arg2, ... argN)
str_pad	Pad a string to a certain length with another string	string str_pad(input, pad_length [, pad_string])
str_repeat	Repeat a string	string str_repeat(input, multiplier)
str_replace	Replace all occurrences of the search string with the replacement string	string str_replace(search, replace, subject)
strcasecmp	Binary safe case-insensitive string comparison	int strcasecmp(str1, str2)
strcmp	Binary safe string comparison	int strcmp(str1, str2)
strip_tags	Strip HTML and PHP tags from a string	string strip_tags(str, allowable_tags)
stripos	Find position of first occurrence of a case-insensitive unicode string (starting by 0, return false if not found)	int stripos(haystack, needle [, offset=0])
stripslashes	Un-quotes a quoted string	string stripslashes(string)
stristr	Case-insensitive strstr	string stristr(haystack, needle [, before_needle=false])
strlen	Get string length	int strlen(string)
strpos	Find position of first occurrence of an unicode string (starting by 0, return false if not found)	int strpos(haystack, needle [ offset=0])
strrev	Reverse a string	string strrev(string)
strstr	Find first occurrence of a string	string strstr(haystack, needle[, before_needle=false])
strtolower	Make a string lowercase	string strtolower(string)
strtotime	Parse about any English textual datetime description into a Unix timestamp	int strtotime(string)
strtoupper	Make a string uppercase	string strtoupper(string)
substr	Return part of an unicode string	string substr(string, start [, length])
sum	Calculate the sum of values in an array	number sum(arg1, arg2, ... argN)
sumifop	Sum the values of answered questions in the list which pass the criteria (arg op value)	number sumifop(op, value, arg1, arg2, ... argN)
tan	Tangent	number tan(arg)
time	Return current UNIX timestamp	number time()
trim	Strip whitespace (or other characters) from the beginning and end of a string	string trim(string [, charlist])
ucwords	Uppercase the first character of each word in a string	string ucwords(string)
unique	Returns true if all non-empty responses are unique	boolean unique(arg1, ..., argN)

Functions that are Planned or Being Considered

Other functions that are planned (or being considered) but which are not implemented yet include the following.  Some of these are for backwards compatability with another survey tool.

Syntax	Meaning	Comments
e()	returns the value of e
formatDate(X,PAT)	return the string value of date X formatted according to Java data format pattern PAT
formatNumber(X,PAT)	return the string value of number X formatted according to Java number format pattern PAT
getAnsOption(X)	Core plugin ExpressionAnswerOptions
getAnsOption(X,Y)	Core plugin ExpressionAnswerOptions
getRelevance(X)	returns the relevance equation for question X
getStartTime()	returns the date corresponding to the system time when the interview was started
getType(X)	returns the string name of the datatype - e.g. *NA* if isNA()
gotoFirst()	jumps to the first relevant set of questions - this violates the normal flow of the system
gotoNext()	jumps to the next set of relevant questions - this violates the normal flow of the system
gotoPrevious()	jumps to the previous set of relevant questions - this violates the normal flow of the system
isAsked(X)	returns true if the answer is neither *NA*, *INVALID*, nor *UNASKED*
isInvalid(X)	returns true if the answer is of type *INVALID*
isNA(X)	returns true if the answer is of type *NA*
isNotUnderstood(X)	returns true if the answer if of type *HUH*
isRefused(X)	returns true if the answer is of type *REFUSED*
isSpecial(X)	returns true if the answer is of type *UNASKED*, *NA*, *REFUSED*, *INVALID*, *UNKNOWN*, or *HUH*
isUnknown(X)	returns true if the answer is of type *UNKNOWN*
jumpTo(X)	jump to the group containing the named question -- this violates the normal flow of the system
jumpToFirstUnasked()	jump to the first unasked question thus bypassing previous answered questions this violates the normal flow of the system
lastIndexOf(X,Y)	returns the last index (base 0) of string Y in string X. Returns -1 if Y is not contained within X
list(X,...)	a string containing a comma separated list of the positive values with "and" separating the last two
mean(X,...)	returns the mean of a list of values
numAnsOptions(X)	returns the number of answer options that question X has
orlist(X,...)	a string containing a comma separated list of the positive values, with "or" separting the last two
parseDate(X,PAT)	returns the date value of string X parsed with Java date format pattern PAT
parseNumber(X,PAT)	returns the numerical value of string X parsed with Java number format pattern PAT
showAllResponsesExcept( questionList,attributeList,attributeTitleList)	questionList = pipe-delimited list of question identifiers; attributeList = pipe-delimited list of attributes (like question#, title, text, type - so you can decide what to show); attributeTitleList = pipe-delimited list of table headers, so can internationalize the report.
showTheseResponses( questionList,attributeList,attributeTitleList)	questionList = pipe-delimited list of question identifiers; attributeList = pipe-delimited list of attributes (like question#, title, text, type - so you can decide what to show); attributeTitleList = pipe-delimited list of table headers, so can internationalize the report.

Expression Manager Knows Which Variables are Local

In order to properly build the JavaScript for page, Expression Manager needs to know which variables are set on the page, and what their JavaScript ID is (e.g. for document.getElementById(x)).  It also must know which variables are set on other pages (so that it can ensure that the needed <input type='hidden' value='x'> fields are present and populated).

Cascading Conditions

If any of the variables are irrelevant, the whole equation will be irrelevant (false).  For example, in the following table, N/A means that one of the variables was not relevant

Operator	Example	a	b	Result
+ (unary)	+a	N/A		false
!	!a	N/A		false
== (or eq)	a == b	N/A	5	false
== (or eq)	a == b	N/A	0	false
== (or eq)	a == b	N/A	N/A	false
!= (or ne)	a != b	N/A	5	false
!= (or ne)	a != b	N/A	N/A	false
!= (or ne)	a != b	N/A	0	false
> (or gt)	a > b	N/A	5	false
>= (or ge)	a >= b	N/A	5	false
< (or lt)	a < b	N/A	5	false
<= (or le)	a <= b	N/A	5	false
and	a and b	N/A	5	false
and	a and b	N/A	N/A	false
or	a or b	N/A	N/A	false
or	a or b	N/A	5	false
+	a + b	N/A	5	false
*	a * b	N/A	5	false
/	a / b	5	N/A	false
()	(a)	N/A		false
(exp)	(a && b)	N/A	5	false
(exp) op (exp)	(b + b) > (a && b)	N/A	5	false
function	sum(a,b,b)	N/A	5	false
function	max(a,b)	N/A	5	false
function	min(a,b)	N/A	5	false
function	implode(', ',a,b,a,b)	N/A	5	false
function	if(a,a,b)	N/A	5	false
function	is_empty(a)	N/A		false
function	is_empty(a)	0 (or blank)		true
function	!is_empty(a)	N/A		false

Overriding Cascading Conditions

Say you want to show a running total of all relevant answers.  You might try to use the equation {sum(q1,q2,q3,...,qN)}.  However, this gets translated internally to LEMif(LEManyNA('q1','q2','q3',...,'qN'),,sum(LEMval('q1'),LEMval('q2'),LEMval('q3'),...,LEMval('qN'))).  So, if any of the values q1-qN are irrelevant, the equation will always return false.  In this case, the sum() will show 0 until all questions are answered.

To get around this, each variable can have a ".NAOK" suffix (meaning that Not Applicable is OK) added to it.  In such cases, the following behavior occurs.  Say you have a variable q1.NAOK

1. q1 is not added to the LEManyNA() clause
2. LEMval('q1') will  continue to check whether the response is relevant, and will return '' if it is not (so individual irrelevant responses will be ignored, but they will not void the entire expression).

So, the solution to the running total problem is to use the equation sum(q1.NAOK,q2.NAOK,q3.NAOK,...,qN.NAOK).

The use of the .NAOK suffix also lets authors design surveys that have several possible paths but then converge on common paths later.  For example, say subjects answer a survey in a way that is outside the normal range of responses.  The author could alert the subjects that they may not get valid results, and ask them whether they really want to  continue with the survey.  If they say Yes, then the rest of the questions will be shown.  The condition for the "rest of the questions" would check whether the initial responses were answered within the normal range OR whether the subject said Yes to the question that is only relevant if they answered outside the normal range.

How does Expression Manager Support Conditional Micro-Tailoring?

Here is an example of micro-tailoring (where Question Type=='expr' means an Equation):

Question Code	Relevance	Question Type	Question
name	1	text	What is your name?
age	1	text	How old are you?
badage	!is_empty(age)	expr	{(age<16) or (age>80)}
agestop	badage	message	Sorry, {name}, you are too {if( (age<16),'young',if( (age>80),'old','middle-aged') ) } for this test.
kids	!badage	yesno	Do you have children?
parents	1	expr	{!badage && kids=='Y'}
numKids	parents	text	How many children do you have?
kid1	parents && numKids >= 1	text	How old is your first child?
kid2	parents && numKids >= 2	text	How old is your second child?
kid3	parents && numKids >= 3	text	How old is your third child?
kid4	parents && numKids >= 4	text	How old is your fourth child?
kid5	parents && numKids >= 5	text	How old is your fifth child?
sumage	1	expr	{sum(kid1.NAOK,kid2.NAOK,kid3.NAOK,kid4.NAOK,kid5.NAOK)}
report	parents	yesno	{name}, you said you are {age} and that you have {numKids}.  The sum of ages of your first {min(numKids,5)} kids is {sumage}

All of these questions can be on a single page (e.g. in the same group), and only the relevant questions will display.  Moreover, as you enter the ages of children, the sum() expression in the last question will dynamically update on the page.

Expression Manager provides this functionality by surrounding each expression with a named <span> element.  Every time a value changes, it recomputes the expression that should appear in that <span> element and regenerates the display.  You can have dozens, or even hundreds, of such tailored expressions on the same page, and the page will re-display all of them in a single screen refresh.

Mapping of LimeSurvey 1.91+ to Expression Manager Functionality

Old Feature	New Feature	Comments
Conditions	Relevance	You can use very complex conditional equations, and access a broader range of variables
Assessments	Equation	Any assessment scores can be re-structured into an Equation. This both ensures that the score is written to the database, and also lets you see dynamic changes to the score value on the current page
Replacements	Expression Manager	The core engine takes the input string and treats everything within curly braces as an Expression - so it handles all historical replacements types.  To avoid messing up embedded JavaScript, Expression Manager only processes content between curly braces as long as (a)  there is no leading or trailing whitespace within the curly braces - e.g. {expr} is an expression, but { expr}, {expr }, and { expr } are not expressions.  Furthermore, Expression Manager does not process content within its own strings (e.g. {list('hi','there {braces}')} generates "hi there {braces}").  It also ignores escaped curly braces (e.g. \{this is not an expression\})
Validation	Expression Manager	The plan is to take the current min/max Question Attributes and have Expression Manager process them.  That way the min/max values can be expressions themselves

Syntax Highlighting

To help with entering and validating expressions, EM provides syntax highlighting with the following features:

Types and Meanings of Syntax Highlighting

Color	Sample	Meaning	Tooltip	Comments
tan background	Sample	the whole equation	none	Anything within curly braces that is recognized as an equation (e.g. there is no leading or trailing whitepace) will be color-coded with a tan background to help distinguish it from surrounding text
bold red text	Sample	An error	Some explanation on error	Can be an unknow variable or an error in function, .... Survey can be totally broken, this don't show to public user.
blue text	Sample	function name	meaning and allowable syntax	function names, or things that should be functions since they are followed by an opening parenthesis, are presented in bold blue text. Tooltips show the meaning and allowable syntax for the function.
grey text	Sample	string	none	single and double-quoted strings are shown in grey text
cyan text	Sample	variable set on the same page,	[name or SGQA code]: question; value; answerList showing codes for each value	Any variable that is set on the same page to the current question is shown in cyan text, showning it can be updated in javascript. The tooltip shows its name (if you used INSERTANS:xxx) or SGQA code (if you used the new naming system), the actual question, and its current value (or blank if not set). If the question type expects responses from an enumerated value set, the mapping of the codes to display values is show.
green text	Sample	variable set on a prior page	[name or SGQA code]: question; value; answerList showing codes for each value	Any variable that is set on a prior page is shown in bold green text. The tooltip shows its name (if you used INSERTANS:xxx) or SGQA code (if you used the new naming system), the actual question, and its current value (or blank if not set). If the question type expects responses from an enumerated value set, the mapping of the codes to display values is show.
bold pink text	Sample	variable set on a later page in general : empty at survey start, but can be filled with index or move previous	[name or SGQA code]: question; value; answerList showing codes for each value	Any variable that is set on a next page is shown in bold pink text. The tooltip shows its name (if you used INSERTANS:xxx) or SGQA code (if you used the new naming system), the actual question, and its current value (or blank if not set). If the question type expects responses from an enumerated value set, the mapping of the codes to display values is show.
bold tan text	Sample	a lime replacement value	the value	Lime Replacement Strings (like {TOKEN:xxx}, {PRIVACY_MESSAGE}) are shown in bold tan text.
red text	Sample	assignment operator (=)	warning message	If you use one of the assignment operator (=) that operator will be displayed in red text. This is meant to help prevent accidental re-assignment of values when you really meant to check whether a == b instead of setting the value of a = b.
normal black text	Sample	punctuation	none	All other punctuation within the expression is shown as normal black text.
red-boxed text	a bold red line surrounds the error	syntax error	description of the error	Any detected syntax errors are shown by surrounding the error with a red box. The tooltip shows the error. Examples include unmatched parentheses, use of undefined functions, passing the wrong number of arguments to functions, poorly structured expressions (e.g. missing operators between variables), trying to assign a new value to a read-only variable, trying to assign values to non-variables, or using unsupported syntax. Note that the syntax error dectection system may only report one error in an expression even if there are multiple errors; however, if any errors are detected, at least one error will be shown.